Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a major public health problem and causes a range of diseases
from self-healing infections to chronic disfiguring disease. Currently, there is no vaccine for …

The skin is a complex and dynamic ecosystem that is inhabited by many microorganisms.
Recent evidence highlights the profound reliance of the skin immune system on its resident …

Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease that affects 12 million people worldwide. The
disease has high morbidity and mortality rates and is prevalent in over 80 countries, leaving …

Leishmaniasis causes a significant disease burden worldwide. Although Leishmania-
infected patients become refractory to reinfection after disease resolution, effective immune …

Leishmania are protozoan parasites that predominantly reside in myeloid cells within their
mammalian hosts. Monocytes and macrophages play a central role in the pathogenesis of …

Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by Leishmania protozoa transmitted
by infected sand flies. Vaccination through leishmanization with live Leishmania major has …

Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading killer among all infectious diseases worldwide despite
extensive use of the Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine. A safer …

Trypanosoma cruzi infection and Chagas disease remains among the most neglected of the
neglected tropical diseases. Despite this, studies of the immune response to T. cruzi have …

Tissue-resident memory T cells are required for establishing protective immunity against a
variety of different pathogens, although the mechanisms mediating protection by CD4+ …

For many pathogens, including most targets of effective vaccines, infection elicits an immune
response that confers significant protection against reinfection. There has been significant …