The M1/M2 macrophage paradigm plays a key role in tumor progression. M1 macrophages
are historically regarded as anti-tumor, while M2-polarized macrophages, commonly …

Cancer immunotherapy has significantly flourished and revolutionized the limited
conventional tumor therapies, on account of its good safety and long-term memory ability …

This mini-review summarizes the current evidence for the role of macrophage activation and
polarization in inflammation and immune response pertinent to interstitial lung disease …

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive and terminal lung disease with no known
cure. IPF is a disease of aging, with median age of diagnosis over 65 years. Median survival …

Macrophage polarization refers to the process by which macrophages can produce two
distinct functional phenotypes: M1 or M2. The balance between both strongly affects the …

Macrophages play an important role in the innate and adaptive immune responses of organ
systems, including the lungs, to particles and pathogens. Cumulative results show that …

Immune checkpoint blockage has been considered a breakthrough in cancer treatment,
achieving encouraging anti-tumor effects in some advanced solid malignancies. However …

Autophagy is a highly conserved catabolic process that mediates degradation of pernicious
or dysfunctional cellular components, such as invasive pathogens, senescent proteins, and …

In the lungs, macrophages constitute the first line of defense against pathogens and foreign
bodies and play a fundamental role in maintaining tissue homeostasis. Activated …

Fibrosis is a chronic and progressive disorder characterized by excessive deposition of
extracellular matrix, which leads to scarring and loss of function of the affected organ or …