The energy expended to transport the body over a given distance (C, the energy cost)
increases with speed both on land and in water. At any given speed, C is lower on land (eg …

The aim of this study was to review the literature on front crawl swimming biomechanics,
focusing on propulsive and resistive forces at different swimming velocities. Recent studies …

Eight elite swimmers—four females and four males—were studied, each of whom
specialized in different swimming techniques and ranked among the top 10 in the world in …

Purpose: to compare different methods to assess the arm stroke efficiency (η F), when
swimming front crawl using the arms only on the Measurement of Active Drag System (MAD …

Introduction: In swimming, it is necessary to understand and identify the main factors that are
important to reduce active drag and, consequently, improve the performance of swimmers …

We examined the association between 50 m freestyle performance (50FS) and average
speed (AS), peak speed (PS), minimum speed (MS) and intracyclic speed variation (ISV) …

Background Swimming performance depends on a wide variety of factors; however, the
interaction between these factors and their importance varies between events. In sprint …

Pacing strategy refers to the distribution of effort and speed throughout the race to achieve
optimal performance. This study aims to understand whether the choice of pacing strategy in …

This study aims to profile biomechanical abilities during sprint front crawl by identifying
technical stroke characteristics, in light of performance level. Ninety-one recreational to …

During full tethered swimming no hydrodynamic resistance is generated (since v= 0) and all
the swimmer's propulsive force (FP) is utilized to exert force on the tether (FT= FP). During …