The hippocampus provided the gateway into much of what we have learned about stress
and brain structural and functional plasticity, and this initial focus has expanded to other …

Glucocorticoid hormones (cortisol and corticosterone-CORT) are the effector hormones of
the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis neuroendocrine system. CORT is a systemic …

Over 60 years ago, Selye1 recognized the paradox that the physiologic systems activated by
stress can not only protect and restore but also damage the body. What links these …

SES is consistently associated with health outcomes, yet little is known about the
psychosocial and behavioral mechanisms that might explain this association. Researchers …

The brain is the key organ of the response to stress because it determines what is
threatening and, therefore, potentially stressful, as well as the physiological and behavioral …

Stress begins in the brain and affects the brain, as well as the rest of the body. Acute stress
responses promote adaptation and survival via responses of neural, cardiovascular …

The primary hormonal mediators of the stress response, glucocorticoids and
catecholamines, have both protective and damaging effects on the body. In the short run …

▪ Abstract Converging findings of animal and human studies provide compelling evidence
that the amygdala is critically involved in enabling us to acquire and retain lasting memories …

The brain is the central organ of stress and adaptation to stress because it perceives and
determines what is threatening, as well as the behavioral and physiological responses to the …

▪ Abstract Learning the relationships between aversive events and the environmental stimuli
that predict such events is essential to the survival of organisms throughout the animal …