Orbital changes in thyroid orbitopathy (TO) result from de novo adipogenesis, hyaluronan
synthesis, interstitial oedema and enlargement of extraocular muscles. Cellular immunity …

Graves' disease (GD) is a common autoimmune condition. At its core, stimulatory
autoantibodies are directed at the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR), resulting in …

Context Early inflammatory thyroid eye disease (TED) can lead to symptomatic chronic
disease, including disabling proptosis. Teprotumumab, an insulin-like growth factor-1 …

Traditional textbook physiology has ascribed unitary functions to hormones from the anterior
and posterior pituitary gland, mainly in the regulation of effector hormone secretion from …

PURPOSE: To review current concepts regarding the pathogenesis of Graves
ophthalmopathy (GO). We have presented this information in the context of potential target …

Reviews on the inflammatory role of adipose tissue outside the field of metabolism are rare.
There is increasing evidence provided by numerous basic research studies from nearly all …

The thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSH-R) is predominantly expressed in the
basolateral membrane of thyrocytes, where it stimulates almost every aspect of their …

Introduction Graves' disease (GD) is an autoimmune disorder caused by autoantibodies
against the thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) leading to overstimulation of the …

The body's autoimmune process is involved in the development of Graves' disease (GD),
which is manifested by an overactive thyroid gland. In some patients, autoreactive …

Thyroid eye disease (TED) is an inflammatory condition of the orbit closely associated with
Graves' disease. During the course of TED, fibrosis can develop around the extraocular …