Coastal subsidence contributes to relative sea-level rise and exacerbates flooding hazards,
with the at-risk population expected to triple by 2070. Natural processes of vertical land …

Human-induced atmospheric composition changes cause a radiative imbalance at the top of
the atmosphere which is driving global warming. This Earth energy imbalance (EEI) is the …

Climate tip** points occur when change in a part of the climate system becomes self-
perpetuating beyond a warming threshold, leading to substantial Earth system impacts …

The social cost of carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) measures the monetized value of the damages
to society caused by an incremental metric tonne of CO2 emissions and is a key metric …

The abyssal ocean circulation is a key component of the global meridional overturning
circulation, cycling heat, carbon, oxygen and nutrients throughout the world ocean,. The …

2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

Glaciers distinct from the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets are shrinking rapidly, altering
regional hydrology, raising global sea level and elevating natural hazards. Yet, owing to the …

As the Arctic continues to warm faster than the rest of the planet, evidence mounts that the
region is experiencing unprecedented environmental change. The hydrological cycle is …

The land ice contribution to global mean sea level rise has not yet been predicted 1 using
ice sheet and glacier models for the latest set of socio-economic scenarios, nor using …

The AR5 concluded that human influence on the climate system is clear, evident from
increasing greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere, positive radiative forcing …