The conditions, timing, and setting for the origin of life on Earth and whether life exists
elsewhere in our solar system and beyond represent some of the most fundamental …

Volcanism is a fundamental process in the geological evolution of the Moon, providing clues
to the composition and structure of the mantle, the location and duration of interior melting …

Forty-five years after the Apollo and Luna missions returned lunar samples, China's Chang'E-
5 (CE-5) mission collected new samples from the mid-latitude region in the northeastern …

Mare volcanics on the Moon are the key record of thermo-chemical evolution throughout
most of lunar history,–. Young mare basalts—mainly distributed in a region rich in …

A planet's crust bears witness to the history of planetary formation and evolution, but for
Mars, no absolute measurement of crustal thickness has been available. Here, we …

We present an improved lunar digital elevation model (DEM) covering latitudes within±60°,
at a horizontal resolution of 512 pixels per degree (∼ 60 m at the equator) and a typical …

The giant impact hypothesis remains the leading theory for lunar origin. However, current
models struggle to explain the Moon's composition and isotopic similarity with Earth. Here …

Abstract Chang'e-5, China's first lunar sample return mission, is targeted to land in northern
Oceanus Procellarum, within a region selected on the basis of 1) its location away from the …

Spacecraft-to-spacecraft tracking observations from the Gravity Recovery and Interior
Laboratory (GRAIL) have been used to construct a gravitational field of the Moon to …

A major lunar scientific question is the cause of the paucity of farside mare basalts. The
South Pole-Aitken Basin (SPA) is the largest (2400× 2050 km) and most ancient lunar …