Hydrogels are three-dimensional porous polymeric networks prepared by physical or
chemical cross-linking of hydrophilic molecules, which can be made into smart materials …

A wide range of applications such as health, human comfort, agriculture, food processing
and storage, and electronic manufacturing, among others, require fast and accurate …

This book explains physical principles, unique benefits, broad categories, implementation
aspects, and performance criteria of distributed optical fiber sensors (DOFS). For each kind …

At the watershed scale, soil moisture is the major control for rainfall–runoff response,
especially where saturation excess runoff processes dominate. From the ecological point of …

Severe challenges such as depletion of natural resources, natural catastrophes, extreme
weather conditions, or overpopulation require intelligent solutions especially in architecture …

Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) aims to develop automated systems for the continuous
monitoring, inspection, and damage detection of structures with minimum labour …

A new fiber-optic pH sensor based on a thin-core fiber modal interferometer with
electrostatic self-assembled nanocoating is presented. After inserting a segment of thin-core …

Chemical sensing is of great importance in many application fields, such as medicine,
environmental monitoring, and industrial process control. Distributed fibre-optic sensing …

We report a new type of optical salinity sensor with a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) coated with
hydrogels. The sensing mechanism in this device is based on mechanical stress that is …

Current concepts for chemical and biochemical sensing based on detection with optical
waveguides are reviewed. The goals are to provide a framework for classifying such sensors …