Drug addiction represents a dramatic dysregulation of motivational circuits that is caused by
a combination of exaggerated incentive salience and habit formation, reward deficits and …

Major depressive disorder is a common, complex, and potentially life-threatening mental
disorder that imposes a severe social and economic burden worldwide. Over the years …

The brain sciences are influencing our understanding of human behavior as never before,
from neuropsychiatry and neuroeconomics to neurotheology and neuroaesthetics. Many …

The Norway rat has important impacts on our life. They are amongst the most used research
subjects, resulting in ground-breaking advances. At the same time, wild rats live in close …

The purpose of this review is to discuss ways to think about and study sex differences in
preclinical animal models. We use the framework of addiction, in which animal models have …

Since its introduction almost 20 years ago, the tail suspension test has become one of the
most widely used models for assessing antidepressant-like activity in mice. The test is based …

Background and rationale Results from many clinical studies suggest that drug relapse and
craving are often provoked by acute exposure to the self-administered drug or related drugs …

Animal models are indispensable tools in the search to identify new antidepressant drugs
and to provide insights into the neuropathology that underlies the idiopathic disease state of …

Animal models of psychiatric disorders are usually discussed with regard to three criteria first
elaborated by Willner; face, predictive and construct validity. Here, we draw the history of …

Administration of noncompetitive NMDA/glutamate receptor antagonists, such as
phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine, to humans induces a broad range of schizophrenic-like …