Postmenopausal osteoporosis is a systemic disease characterized by the loss of bone mass
and increased bone fracture risk largely resulting from significantly reduced levels of the …

Nowadays, orthodontic treatment has become increasingly popular. However, the biological
mechanisms of orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) have not been fully elucidated. We were …

Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells with the unique ability to resorb bone matrix. Excessive
production or activation of osteoclasts leads to skeletal pathologies that affect a significant …

Osteoporosis is a metabolic bone disease that, on a cellular level, results from osteoclastic
bone resorption not compensated by osteoblastic bone formation. This causes bones to …

Estrogens and androgens influence the growth and maintenance of the mammalian
skeleton and are responsible for its sexual dimorphism. Estrogen deficiency at menopause …

The immune and skeletal systems share a variety of molecules, including cytokines,
chemokines, hormones, receptors, and transcription factors. Bone cells interact with immune …

Bone is maintained by coupled activities of bone-forming osteoblasts/osteocytes and bone-
resorbing osteoclasts. Alterations in this relationship can lead to pathologic bone loss such …

Discovery and characterization of the cytokine receptor-cytokine-decoy receptor triad formed
by receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)–receptor activator of NF-κB …

Coupling between bone formation and bone resorption refers to the process within basic
multicellular units in which resorption by osteoclasts is met by the generation of osteoblasts …

Receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK) ligand (RANKL) induces the differentiation of monocyte/
macrophage–lineage cells into the bone–resorbing cells called osteoclasts. Because …