Class 2 CRISPR-Cas nucleases are programmable genome editing tools with promising
applications in human health and disease. However, DNA cleavage at off-target sites that …

Established methods for characterizing proteins typically require physical or chemical
modification steps or cannot be used to examine individual molecules in solution. Ionic …

Manipulation of individual molecules with optical tweezers provides a powerful means of
interrogating the structure and folding of proteins. Mechanical force is not only a relevant …

We present a new estimator for computing free energy differences and thermodynamic
expectations as well as their uncertainties from samples obtained from multiple equilibrium …

Soluble N-ethylmaleimide–sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins
drive membrane fusion by assembling into a four-helix bundle in a zippering process. Here …

Protein folding occurs as a set of transitions between structural states within an energy
landscape. An oversimplified view of the folding process emerges when transiently …

Optical tweezers have become one of the primary weapons in the arsenal of biophysicists,
and have revolutionized the new field of single-molecule biophysics. Today's techniques …

INTRODUCTION In DNA double helices, hydrogen bonds connect the base pairs across the
two strands, and stacking bonds act along the helical axis between neighboring base pairs …