This document presents a consensus on the diagnosis and classification of isolated cervical
dystonia (iCD) with a review of proposed terminology. The International Parkinson and …

Forty years ago, CD Marsden proposed that blepharospasm should be considered a form of
adult‐onset focal dystonia. In the present paper, we provide a comprehensive overview of …

The most common forms of dystonia are those that develop in adults and affect a relatively
isolated region of the body. Although these adult‐onset focal dystonias are most prevalent …

Abstract 'Meige's syndrome'is a type of cranial dystonia characterized by blepharospasm
and oromandibular dystonia and can be associated with complex movement of lower facial …

Objective Isolated focal dystonia can spread to muscles beyond the initially affected body
region, but risk of spread has not been evaluated in a prospective manner. Furthermore …

Blepharospasm is traditionally thought to be a movement disorder that results from basal
ganglia dysfunction. Recently, accumulating morphometric studies have revealed structural …

Background Adult onset idiopathic isolated focal dystonia presents with a number of
phenotypes. Reported prevalence rates vary considerably; well‐characterized cohorts are …

Objective: Blepharospasm is a type of dystonia where the diagnosis is often delayed
because its varied clinical manifestations are not well recognized. The purpose of this study …

Eye movement abnormalities are among the earliest clinical manifestations of inherited and
acquired neurodegenerative diseases and play an integral role in their diagnosis. Eyelid …

Psychogenic movement disorders represent a challenging disorder for neurologists to
diagnose and treat. Recent advances have increased understanding of the neurobiological …