The current understanding of lactate extends from its origins as a byproduct of glycolysis to
its role in tumor metabolism, as identified by studies on the Warburg effect. The lactate …

Anticancer nanomedicines have been proven effective in mitigating the side effects of
chemotherapeutic drugs. However, challenges remain in augmenting their therapeutic …

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of
cancer-related death worldwide. Countless CRC patients undergo disease progression. As …

Hypoxia is prevalent in human tumours and contributes to microenvironments that shape
cancer evolution and adversely affect therapeutic outcomes. Historically, two different …

Immunosuppressive cells residing in the tumor microenvironment, especially tumor
associated macrophages (TAMs), hinder the infiltration and activation of T cells, limiting the …

INTRODUCTION Activation of the STING (stimulator of interferon genes) protein by its
natural ligand, cyclic guanosine monophosphate–adenosine monophosphate (cGAMP) …

Advances in our understanding of molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis have translated
into knowledge-based therapies directed against specific oncogenic signaling targets …

Tumor cells must generate sufficient ATP and biosynthetic precursors in order to maintain
cell proliferation requirements. Otto Warburg showed that tumor cells uptake high amounts …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an essential role in regulating various physiological
functions of living organisms. The intrinsic biochemical properties of ROS, which underlie …

Altered tissue mechanics and metabolism are defining characteristics of cancer that impact
not only proliferation but also migration. While migrating through a mechanically and …