BACKGROUND Living cells contain distinct subcompartments to facilitate spatiotemporal
regulation of biological reactions. In addition to canonical membrane-bound organelles such …

Peptide-based supramolecular systems chemistry seeks to mimic the ability of life forms to
use conserved sets of building blocks and chemical reactions to achieve a bewildering array …

Noncovalent interactions, which usually feature tunable strength, reversibility, and
environmental adaptability, have been recognized as driving forces in a variety of biological …

Confining molecules can fundamentally change their chemical and physical properties.
Confinement effects are considered instrumental at various stages of the origins of life, and …

Coacervates are condensed liquid-like droplets formed by liquid–liquid phase separation of
molecules through multiple weak associative interactions. In recent years it has emerged …

Artificial cells are constructed to imitate natural cells and allow researchers to explore
biological process and the origin of life. The construction methods for artificial cells, through …

Coacervates are condensed liquid-like droplets, usually formed with oppositely charged
polymeric molecules. They have been studied extensively in colloid and interface science …

Conspectus Coacervates are droplets formed by liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) and
are often used as model protocells–primitive cell-like compartments that could have aided …

Bottom-up assembly of higher-order cytomimetic systems capable of coordinated physical
behaviours, collective chemical signalling and spatially integrated processing is a key …

Conspectus Cells are highly advanced microreactors that form the basis of all life. Their
fascinating complexity has inspired scientists to create analogs from synthetic and natural …