More and more in-depth studies have revealed that the occurrence and development of
tumors depend on gene mutation and tumor heterogeneity. The most important …

Statins are 3-hydroxy-3-methyglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors, which
are prescribed extensively for cholesterol lowering in the primary and secondary prevention …

Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) senses changes in nutrient status and stimulates
the autophagic process to recycle amino acids. However, the impact of nutrient stress on …

Cardiac cachexia as a terminal stage of chronic heart failure carries a poor prognosis. The
definition of this clinical syndrome has been a matter of debate in recent years. This review …

Bisphosphonates are the important class of antiresorptive drugs used in the treatment of
metabolic bone diseases. Although their molecular mechanism of action has not been fully …

The important contribution of aberrant Ras activation in oncogenesis is well established. Our
knowledge of the signaling pathways that are regulated by Ras is considerable. However …

Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) have played a major role as a model
system for the study of the regulation of endothelial cell function and the role of the …

A series of alterations in the cellular genome affecting the expression or function of genes
controlling cell growth and differentiation is considered to be the main cause of cancer …

Although statins are lipid-lowering drugs that block cholesterol biosynthesis, they exert
immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic and anti-proliferative functions by …

The mechanism by which platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) regulates vascular smooth
muscle cell (SMC) DNA synthesis is unknown, but may involve isoprenoid intermediates of …