River water quality is crucial to ecosystem health and water security, yet its deterioration
under climate change is often overlooked in climate risk assessments. Here we review how …

Rapid Arctic environmental change affects the entire Earth system as thawing permafrost
ecosystems release greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. Understanding how much …

Climate tip** points occur when change in a part of the climate system becomes self-
perpetuating beyond a warming threshold, leading to substantial Earth system impacts …

The concept of net-zero carbon emissions has emerged from physical climate science.
However, it is operationalized through social, political and economic systems. We identify …

Arctic permafrost stores nearly 1,700 billion metric tons of frozen and thawing carbon.
Anthropogenic warming threatens to release an unknown quantity of this carbon to the …

Research on 100% renewable energy systems is a relatively recent phenomenon. It was
initiated in the mid-1970s, catalyzed by skyrocketing oil prices. Since the mid-2000s, it has …

Biogeomorphic wetlands cover 1% of Earth's surface but store 20% of ecosystem organic
carbon. This disproportional share is fueled by high carbon sequestration rates and effective …

ES 6: 3-5 Replace “It is unequivocal that emissions of the well-mixed greenhouse gases
(GHG) carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2 O) from human activities …

The global sediment cycle is a fundamental feature of the Earth system, balancing
competing factors such as orogeny, physical–chemical erosion and human action. In this …

Rapid atmospheric warming since the mid-twentieth century has increased temperature-
dependent erosion and sediment-transport processes in cold environments, affecting food …