Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common and aggressive primary brain tumor, has
a high mortality rate despite extensive efforts to develop new treatments. GBM exhibits both …

Beneath the complexity and idiopathy of every cancer lies a limited number of'mission
critical'events that have propelled the tumour cell and its progeny into uncontrolled …

Cancer treatment by immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) can bring long-lasting clinical
benefits, but only a fraction of patients respond to treatment. To predict ICB response, we …

Every cell in a multicellular organism has the potential to die by apoptosis, but tumour cells
often have faulty apoptotic pathways. These defects not only increase tumour mass, but also …

T lymphocytes undergo proliferation arrest when exposed to tryptophan shortage, which can
be provoked by indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO), an enzyme that is expressed in …

According to the widely accepted" three Es" model, the host immune system eliminates
malignant cell precursors and contains microscopic neoplasms in a dynamic equilibrium …

Numerous innate and adaptive immune effector cells and molecules participate in the
recognition and destruction of cancer cells, a process that is known as cancer …

Perforin/granzyme-induced apoptosis is the main pathway used by cytotoxic lymphocytes to
eliminate virus-infected or transformed cells. Studies in gene-disrupted mice indicate that …

Virtually all of the measurable cell-mediated cytotoxicity delivered by cytotoxic T
lymphocytes and natural killer cells comes from either the granule exocytosis pathway or the …

The idea that tumors must “escape” from immune recognition contains the implicit
assumption that tumors can be destroyed by immune responses either spontaneously or as …