Plants secrete extrafloral nectar (EFN) as an induced defense against herbivores. EFN
contains not only carbohydrates and amino acids but also pathogenesis-related proteins …

With an expanding human population placing increasing pressure on the environment,
agriculture needs sustainable production that can match conventional methods. Integrated …

Environmental impacts of conventional agriculture have generated interest in sustainable
agriculture. Biological pest control is a fundamental tool, and ants are key players providing …

The idea that biotic interactions, including herbivory, predation and competition are more
intense at lower latitudes is widely accepted and underpins several dominant theories on …

Plants commonly attract predatory and parasitoid organisms, and may thereby increase
resistance against antagonistic herbivores. Mechanisms for indirect resistance include the …

Volatile compounds and extrafloral nectar are common defenses of wild plants; however, in
crops they bear an as-yet underused potential for biological control of pests and diseases …

All mutualistic plant–animal interactions are mediated by costs and benefits in relationships
where resources (from plants) are exchanged by services (from animals). The most common …

Main conclusion Understanding surface defenses, a relatively unexplored area in rice can
provide valuable insight into constitutive and induced defenses against herbivores. Abstract …

Historic and current land-use changes have altered the landscape for grassland biota, with
over 90% of grasslands and savannas converted to agriculture or some other use in north …

Indirect defence, the adaptive top‐down control of herbivores by plant traits that enhance
predation, is a central component of plant–herbivore interactions. However, the scope of …