Prediction of stable mineral equilibria in the Earth's lithosphere is critical to unravel the
tectonomagmatic history of exposed geological sections. While the recent advances in …

Basic oxygen steelmaking has been the interest of research for several decades due to its
complex and fast process dynamics. To predict the evolution of slag–metal composition and …

The multiphase fluid flow and heat transfer behavior in the steelmaking converter are
essential for efficient and stable smelting. Herein, a mathematical model of heat transfer for …

The stirring energy of bottom blowing is one of the most important factors affecting the steel
scrap melting in converter. In this paper, a three-dimensional turbulent-multiphase …

The Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) process is an exceedingly fast refining process needing a
good dynamic model for better understanding and dynamic control. The process is …

An improved computational model to describe the decarburization process in basic oxygen
furnaces for steel making is presented in this work. A dynamic model was thus developed to …

Modeling of the basic oxygen furnace (BOF) process, both for online monitoring and
fundamental research, has gained importance in steelmaking industry over the past few …

To study the final equilibrium state and process of CO2 injecting into the Fe–C melt with
different initial carbon contents, a model was established based on the method of …

A 3D model applying temperature-and carbon concentration-dependent material properties
was developed to describe the scrap melting behavior and carbon diffusion under natural …

The simulation of the basic oxygen steelmaking process was conducted, incorporating
transient compositions, temperature, and weight of liquid steel and slag. The simulation …