We assess evidence relevant to Earth's equilibrium climate sensitivity per doubling of
atmospheric CO2, characterized by an effective sensitivity S. This evidence includes …

Equilibrium climate sensitivity characterizes the Earth's long-term global temperature
response to increased atmospheric CO2 concentration. It has reached almost iconic status …

This chapter assesses simulations of future global climate change, spanning time horizons
from the near term (2021–2040), mid-term (2041–2060), and long term (2081–2100) out to …

Leveraging artificial neural networks (ANNs) trained on climate model output, we use the
spatial pattern of historical temperature observations to predict the time until critical global …

Arctic sea ice is retreating rapidly, raising prospects of a future ice-free Arctic Ocean during
summer. Because climate-model simulations of the sea-ice loss differ substantially, we used …

Between about 1998 and 2012, a time that coincided with political negotiations for
preventing climate change, the surface of Earth seemed hardly to warm. This phenomenon …

Retrospectively comparing future model projections to observations provides a robust and
independent test of model skill. Here we analyze the performance of climate models …

Detection and attribution (D&A) simulations were important components of CMIP5 and
underpinned the climate change detection and attribution assessments of the Fifth …

The observed rate of global warming since the 1970s has been proposed as a strong
constraint on equilibrium climate sensitivity (ECS) and transient climate response (TCR) …

We investigate the dependence of radiative feedback on the pattern of sea‐surface
temperature (SST) change in 14 Atmospheric General Circulation Models (AGCMs) forced …