This is an extended version of my Nobel Lecture, delivered on December 8, 2021. I will
recall the genesis of the concept of multiple equilibria in natural sciences. I will then describe …

Many questions of fundamental interest in today's science can be formulated as inference
problems: some partial, or noisy, observations are performed over a set of variables and the …

We combine the swap Monte Carlo algorithm to long multi-CPU molecular dynamics
simulations to analyze the equilibrium relaxation dynamics of model supercooled liquids …

Despite decades of work, gaining a first-principles understanding of amorphous materials
remains an extremely challenging problem. However, recent theoretical breakthroughs have …

When a system jams, it undergoes a transition from a flowing to a rigid state. Despite this
important change in the dynamics, the internal structure of the system remains disordered in …

We study the nonequilibrium relaxation of the spherical spin-glass model with p-spin
interactions in the N→∞ limit. We analytically solve the asymptotics of the magnetization …

The glass transition is well known to glass makers or from the common ex perience of drying
a used chewing gum. A liquid melt or a rubber becomes a solid glass when its temperature …

We review the random first-order transition theory of the glass transition, emphasizing the
experimental tests of the theory. Many distinct phenomena are quantitatively predicted or …

The static properties of the spherical p-spin interaction spin glass model are calculated
using the replica method. It is shown that within the Parisi scheme the most general solution …

We show that, in nonequilibrium systems with small heat flows, there is a time-scale-
dependent effective temperature that plays the same role as the thermodynamical …