Reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulate plant growth and development. ROS are kept at
low levels in cells to prevent oxidative damage, allowing them to be effective signaling …

Nonenzymatic lipid oxidation is usually viewed as deleterious. But if this is the case, then
why does it occur so frequently in cells? Here we review the mechanisms of membrane …

All of the naturally occurring vitamin E forms, as well as those of synthetic all-rac-α-
tocopherol, have relatively similar antioxidant properties, so why does the body prefer α …

Summary 'Stresses' that impact upon seeds can affect plant reproduction and productivity,
and, hence, agriculture and biodiversity. In the absence of a clear definition of plant stress …

Guard cells perceive a variety of chemicals produced metabolically in response to abiotic
and biotic stresses, integrate the signals into reactive oxygen species and calcium …

Oxidative stress resulting from increased availability of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a
key component of many responses of plants to challenging environmental conditions. The …

Fatty acids (FAs) consist of long hydrophobic, often unbranched chains of hydrocarbons,
with hydrophilic carboxylic acid groups at one end. They are an important source of reserve …

Tocopherols and tocotrienols, collectively known as tocochromanols, are lipid-soluble
molecules that belong to the group of vitamin E compounds and are essential in the human …

Plant development and stress responses are regulated by complex signalling networks that
mediate specific and dynamic plant responses upon activation by various types of …

Singlet oxygen (1O2) is an excited state of molecular oxygen with an electron spin shift in
the molecular orbitals, which is extremely unstable and highly reactive. In plants, 1O2 is …