Approximately two decades after the first pioneering analyses, the study of shape asymmetry
with the methods of geometric morphometrics has matured and is a burgeoning field. New …

Although most studies on integration and modularity have focused on variation among
individuals within populations or species, this is not the only level of variation for which …

Heat‐shock proteins (Hsps) and their cognates are primary mitigators of cell stress. With
increasingly severe impacts of climate change and other human modifications of the …

Robustness is characterized by the invariant expression of a phenotype in the face of a
genetic and/or environmental perturbation. Although phenotypic variance is a central …

Biological systems, from molecular complexes to whole organisms and ecological
interactions, tend to have a modular organization. Modules are sets of traits that are …

Morphological traits have long been a focus of evolutionary developmental biology ('evo-
devo'), but new methods for quantifying shape variation are opening unprecedented …

Fluctuating asymmetry consists of random deviations from perfect symmetry in populations
of organisms. It is a measure of developmental noise, which reflects a population's average …

The variation among domestic dog breeds offers a unique opportunity to study large-scale
diversification by microevolutionary mechanisms. We use geometric morphometrics to …

Morphological integration and modularity have become central concepts in evolutionary
biology and geometric morphometrics. This review summarizes the most frequently used …

Why isn't random variation always deleterious? Are there factors that sometimes make
adaptation easier? Biological systems are extraordinarily robust to perturbation by …