Exposure to stress during critical periods in development can have severe long-term
consequences, increasing overall risk on psychopathology. One of the key stress response …

Sex differences in stress responses can be found at all stages of life and are related to both
the organizational and activational effects of gonadal hormones and to genes on the sex …

Several mental illnesses, characterized by aberrant stress reactivity, often arise after early-
life adversity (ELA). However, it is unclear how ELA affects stress-related brain circuit …

This article is part of a Special Issue “Parental Care”. Pregnancy and postpartum are
associated with dramatic alterations in steroid and peptide hormones which alter the …

The immediate and long-term effects of exposure to early life stress (ELS) have been
documented in humans and animal models. Even relatively brief periods of stress during the …

Stress is a precipitating factor for anxiety-related disorders, which are among the leading
forms of psychiatric illness and impairment in the modern world. Rodent-based behavioral …

Highlights•Early caregiving adversity is associated with poor mental health
outcomes.•Across species, adversity accelerates the developmental trajectory of emotion …

Stress often affects our social lives. When undergoing high-level or persistent stress,
individuals frequently retract from social interactions and become irritable and hostile …

The well-replicated observation that many people maintain mental health despite exposure
to severe psychological or physical adversity has ignited interest in the mechanisms that …

Vulnerability to emotional disorders including depression derives from interactions between
genes and environment, especially during sensitive developmental periods. Adverse early …