Robotics and autonomous systems have been instrumental to space exploration by
enabling scientific breakthroughs and by fulfilling human curiosity and ambition to conquer …

Landforms and deposits observed on the Martian surface suggest that Mars' early climate
supported rivers and lakes over a time span of more than a billion years. But, like Earth …

The Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer for Mars (CRISM) is a hyperspectral
imager on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) spacecraft. CRISM consists of three …

Abstract China's Mars rover, Zhurong, touched down on Utopia Planitia in the northern
lowlands of Mars (109.925° E, 25.066° N) in May 2021, and has been conducting in situ …

Decades of speculation about a warmer, wetter Mars climate in the planet's first billion years
postulate a denser CO2-rich atmosphere than at present. Such an atmosphere should have …

Understanding of the geologic evolution of Mars has been greatly improved by recent
orbital,,, in situ, and meteorite,, data, but insights into the earliest period of Martian …

At Gale crater, Mars, ChemCam acquired its first laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
(LIBS) target on Sol 13 of the landed portion of the mission (a Sol is a Mars day). Up to Sol …

The Raman spectra of a large number of natural feldspar-group minerals were obtained to
determine what compositional and structural information can be inferred solely from their …

Mineral deposits on the martian surface can elucidate ancient environmental conditions on
the planet. Opaline silica deposits (as much as 91 weight percent SiO2) have been found in …

Early Mars climate research has well-defined goals (MEPAG 2018). Achieving these goals
requires geologists and climate modelers to coordinate. Coordination is easier if results are …