Natural biomaterials originating during the growth cycles of all living organisms have been
used for many applications. They span from bioinert to bioactive materials including …

Abstract Ostriches (Struthionidae) are iconic Old-World giant flightless birds. The two living
African species represent only a small part of ancient struthionid diversity, which comprises …

Many organisms encapsulate their embryos in hard, protective shells. While birds and
reptiles largely rely on mineralized shells, plants often develop highly robust lignocellulosic …

The avian eggshell is a bio-ceramic structure that protects the embryo. It is composed almost
entirely of calcium carbonate and a small amount of organic material. An optimal amount of …

Avian eggs are products of consumer demand, with modern methodologies for their
morphometric analysis used for improving quality, productivity and marketability. Such …

The avian palaeognath phylogeny has been recently revised significantly due to the
advancement of genome-wide comparative analyses and provides the opportunity to trace …

The avian egg exhibits extraordinary diversity in size, shape and color, and has a key role in
avian adaptive radiations. Despite extensive work, our understanding of the underlying …

Eggshell is a crucial indicator of egg quality. Pimpled eggs (PE) a type of eggshell defect are
characterized by low eggshell strength, leading to substantial financial losses. Eggshell …

Background Eggshell is a bio-ceramic material comprising columnar calcite (CaCO 3)
crystals and organic proteinaceous matrix. The size, shape and orientation of the CaCO 3 …

The structure and quality of eggshells (ES) vary around a mean value depending on
different items, and these variations are important in their many industrial and technological …