Drought has promoted large‐scale, insect‐induced tree mortality in recent years, with severe
consequences for ecosystem function, atmospheric processes, sustainable resources and …

Insects select their hosts, but trees cannot select which herbivores will feed upon them.
Thus, as long‐lived stationary organisms, conifers must resist the onslaught of varying and …

The mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae, is a subcortical herbivore native to
western North America that can kill healthy conifers by overcoming host tree defenses …

Outbreaks of the Eurasian spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) have decimated millions of
hectares of conifer forests in Europe in recent years. The ability of these 4.0 to 5.5 mm long …

Diterpene resin acids are a significant component of conifer oleoresin, which is a viscous
mixture of terpenoids present constitutively or inducibly upon herbivore or pathogen attack …

Diterpene resin acids (DRAs) are specialized (secondary) metabolites of the oleoresin
defense of conifers produced by diterpene synthases and cytochrome P450s of the …

Symbiosis is receiving increased attention among all aspects of biology because of the
unifying themes it helps construct across ecological, evolutionary, developmental …

Chemical signaling mediates nearly all aspects of species interactions. Our knowledge of
these signals has progressed dramatically, and now includes good characterizations of the …

Secondary attraction to aggregation pheromones plays a central role in the host colonization
behavior of the European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus. However, it is largely …

Drought predisposes forest trees to bark beetle‐induced mortality, but the physiological
mechanisms remain unclear. While drought‐induced water and carbon limitations have …