Since their discovery almost two decades ago, interleukin-17-producing CD4+ T cells (TH17
cells) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of multiple autoimmune and inflammatory …

Balanced immunity is pivotal for health and homeostasis. CD4+ helper T (Th) cells are
central to the balance between immune tolerance and immune rejection. Th cells adopt …

While intestinal Th17 cells are critical for maintaining tissue homeostasis, recent studies
have implicated their roles in the development of extra-intestinal autoimmune diseases …

The immune system's complexity and ongoing evolutionary struggle against deleterious
pathogens underscore the value of vaccination technologies, which have been bolstering …

Background & Aims Interactions between commensal microbes and the immune system are
tightly regulated and maintain intestinal homeostasis, but little is known about these …

The intestinal mucosa is a particularly dynamic environment in which the host constantly
interacts with trillions of commensal microorganisms, known as the microbiota, and …

The pathophysiology of obesity and obesity-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes
mellitus (T2DM) is complex and driven by many factors. One of the most recently identified …

Mammals co-exist with resident microbial ecosystem that is composed of an incredible
number and diversity of bacteria, viruses and fungi. Owing to direct contact between resident …

The early life microbiome plays important roles in host immunological and metabolic
development. Because the incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) has been increasing …

For decades, interactions between the enteric neuromuscular apparatus and the central
nervous system have served as the primary focus of pathophysiological research in the …