Between the 1930s and 50s, evolutionary biologists developed a successful theory of why
organisms age, firmly rooted in population genetic principles. By the 1980s the evolution of …

Despite tremendous progress in recent years, our understanding of the evolution of ageing
is still incomplete. A dominant paradigm maintains that ageing evolves due to the competing …

A general model of neural development is derived to fit 18 mammalian species, including
humans, macaques, several rodent species, and six metatherian (marsupial) mammals. The …

Males and females share many traits that have a common genetic basis; however, selection
on these traits often differs between the sexes, leading to sexual conflict,. Under such sexual …

Trade-offs and constraints are inherent to life, and studies of these phenomena play a
central role in both organismal and evolutionary biology. Trade-offs can be defined …

This collection of essays explores the metaphysical thesis that the living world is not
ontologically made up of substantial particles or things, as has often been assumed, but is …

Life-history traits or “fitness components”—such as age and size at maturity, fecundity and
fertility, age-specific rates of survival, and life span—are the major phenotypic determinants …

Integration and modularity refer to the patterns and processes of trait interaction and
independence. Both terms have complex histories with respect to both conceptualization …

Adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) organize knowledge on the progression of toxicity
through levels of biological organization. By determining the linkages between toxicity …

Organismal development requires the reproducible unfolding of an ordered sequence of
discrete steps (cell fate determination, migration, tissue folding, etc.) in both time and space …