We review evidence for climate change over the past several millennia from instrumental
and high‐resolution climate “proxy” data sources and climate modeling studies. We focus on …

This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of previous studies and concepts
concerning the North Atlantic Oscillation. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and its recent …

This report is the first complete assessment of the science of climate change since Working
Group I (WGI) of the IPCC produced its second report Climate Change 1995: The Science of …

Surface winds and surface ocean hydrography in the subpolar North Atlantic appear to have
been influenced by variations in solar output through the entire Holocene. The evidence …

Titanium and iron concentration data from the anoxic Cariaco Basin, off the Venezuelan
coast, can be used to infer variations in the hydrological cycle over northern South America …

Sargassum washing ashore on the beaches of the Caribbean Islands since 2011 has
caused problems for the local environments, tourism, and economies. Although preliminary …

Climate simulations, using models with different levels of complexity, indicate that the north‐
south position of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) responds to changes in …

Any assessment of future climate change requires knowledge of the full range of natural
variability in the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon. Here we splice together …

Observed climate change and variability (for definitions, see the IPCC Glossary, Appendix I)
are considered in this chapter by addressing seven commonly asked questions related to …

Sedimentary time series of color reflectance and major element chemistry from the anoxic
Cariaco Basin off the coast of northern Venezuela record large and abrupt shifts in the …