Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a powerful spectroscopic method for
measuring distances in the 2–8 nm range. Often, conformational changes and molecular …

Ribosomal RNAs are the most abundant and universal noncoding RNAs in living organisms.
In eukaryotes, three of the four ribosomal RNAs forming the 40S and 60S subunits are borne …

The proteome of cells is synthesized by ribosomes, complex ribonucleoproteins that in
eukaryotes contain 79–80 proteins and four ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) more than 5,400 …

Argonaute proteins play a central role in mediating post-transcriptional gene regulation by
microRNAs (miRNAs). Argonautes use the nucleotide sequences in miRNAs as guides for …

The cell nucleus contains a large number of membrane-less bodies that play important roles
in the spatiotemporal regulation of gene expression. Recent work suggests that low …

The study of molecular evolution at the level of protein-coding genes often entails comparing
large datasets of sequences to infer their evolutionary relationships. Despite the importance …

During assembly, ribosomal particles in bacteria fold according to energy landscapes
comprised of multiple parallel pathways. Cryo-electron microscopy studies have identified a …

Because of the absence of methods for tracking RNA G‐quadruplex dynamics, especially
the folding and unfolding of this attractive structure in live cells, understanding of the …

Biological systems reach hierarchical complexity that has no counterpart outside the realm
of biology. Undoubtedly, biological entities obey the fundamental physical laws. Can today's …

Large biomolecular systems are at the heart of many essential cellular processes. The
dynamics and energetics of an increasing number of these systems are being studied by …