Tethered and battery-powered devices that interface with neural tissues can restrict natural
motions and prevent social interactions in animal models, thereby limiting the utility of these …

Dopamine-releasing neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) have central roles in
reward-related and goal-directed behaviours. VTA dopamine-releasing neurons are …

INTRODUCTION A mechanistic understanding of brain function requires the identification of
distinct cell types in the brain at a molecular, spatial, and functional level. The preoptic …

Ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neurons play a central role in mediating
motivated behaviors, but the circuitry through which they signal positive and negative …

Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction | New England Journal of
Medicine Skip to main content The New England Journal of Medicine homepage Advanced …

Over the past 10 years, the development and convergence of microbial opsin engineering,
modular genetic methods for cell-type targeting and optical strategies for guiding light …

Decades of research has identified the brain areas that are involved in fear, fear extinction,
anxiety and related defensive behaviours. Newly developed genetic and viral tools …

The amygdala has long been associated with emotion and motivation, playing an essential
part in processing both fearful and rewarding environmental stimuli. How can a single …

In vivo calcium imaging through microendoscopic lenses enables imaging of previously
inaccessible neuronal populations deep within the brains of freely moving animals …

The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is a center of integration for limbic information
and valence monitoring. The BNST, sometimes referred to as the extended amygdala, is …