Lightweight artificial muscle fibers that can match the large tensile stroke of natural muscles
have been elusive. In particular, low stroke, limited cycle life, and inefficient energy …

Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are a group of metallic alloys capable of sustaining large
inelastic strains that can be recovered when subjected to a specific process between two …

The high cost of powerful, large-stroke, high-stress artificial muscles has combined with
performance limitations such as low cycle life, hysteresis, and low efficiency to restrict …

We have developed a continuous nonsingular terminal sliding-mode control with time-delay
estimation (TDE) for shape memory alloys (SMA) actuators. The proposed method does not …

While artificial muscle yarns and fibers are potentially important for many applications, the
combination of large strokes, high gravimetric work capacities, short cycle times, and high …

This review article gives an overview of the new and quickly develo** field of shape
memory alloy (SMA) actuators in smart structures. The focus is on the aspects of modeling …

Humans throughout history have always sought to mimic the appearance, mobility,
functionality, intelligent operation, and thinking process of biological creatures. This field of …

Shape memory alloy (SMA) actuators present opportunities for the development of novel
actuating systems. High force-to-weight ratio, silent operation, muscle-like motion …

Actuators are devices that convert electrical energy into mechanical work, traditionally used
in electrical, pneumatic and hydraulic systems. As the demand for actuator technologies …

This monograph thus risks becoming outdated in a very short time since the development of
refined sensory substitution systems should allow many of the question raised here to be …