Post-translational modifications (PTMs) endow proteins with new properties to respond to
environmental changes or growth needs. With the development of advanced proteomics …

Protein post‐translational modifications (PTMs) play a crucial role in all cellular functions by
regulating protein activity, interactions and half‐life. Despite the enormous diversity of …

Ester-linked post-translational modifications, including serine and threonine ubiquitination,
have gained recognition as important cellular signals. However, their detection remains a …

Although ubiquitylation had traditionally been considered limited to proteins, the discovery of
non-proteinaceous substrates (eg lipopolysaccharides and adenosine diphosphate ribose …

Toxin-antitoxins (TAs) are prokaryotic two-gene systems composed of a toxin neutralized by
an antitoxin. Toxin-antitoxin-chaperone (TAC) systems additionally include a SecB-like …

PARP enzymes transfer ADP-ribose from NAD+ onto proteins as a covalent modification that
regulates multiple aspects of cell biology. Here, we identify an undiscovered catalytic activity …

The recent discovery of non-proteinaceous ubiquitylation substrates broadened our
understanding of this modification beyond conventional protein targets. However, the …

The recognition that DNA can be ADP ribosylated provides an unexpected regulatory level
of how ADP-ribosylation contributes to genome stability, epigenetics and immunity. Yet, it …

Formation and breakage of disulfide bridges strongly impacts folding and activity of proteins.
Thioredoxin 1 (TrxA) is a small, conserved enzyme that reduces disulfide bonds in the …

Host–pathogen conflicts are crucibles of molecular innovation,. Selection for immunity to
pathogens has driven the evolution of sophisticated immunity mechanisms throughout …