Amphibians are well known as osmotically sensitive organisms due to their highly
permeable skin and eggs and, as such, biologists have mostly discounted their presence in …

Background In many regions, freshwater wetlands are increasing in salinity at rates
exceeding historic levels. Some freshwater organisms, like amphibians, may be able to …

The stress-induced susceptibility hypothesis, which predicts chronic stress weakens immune
defences, was proposed to explain increasing infectious disease-related mass mortality and …

Salinization is a global phenomenon affecting ecosystems and forcing freshwater organisms
to deal with increasing levels of ionic stress. However, our understanding of mechanisms …

Over the last few years, the hazards associated with the extensive use of fungicides have
become an issue of great concern but, at present, the effects of these substances on …

Acid-base regulation at intra-and extracellular levels is of fundamental importance for
develo** animals, as it is for adults. Although adult animals exhibit well established acid …

Global warming is the main cause for the rise of both global temperatures and sea-level,
both major variables threatening biodiversity. Rising temperatures threaten to breach the …

Amphibians are highly susceptible to osmotic stress but, nonetheless, some species can
adapt locally to withstand moderately high levels of salinity. Maintaining the homeostasis of …

Global change exposes wildlife to a variety of environmental stressors and is affecting
biodiversity worldwide, with amphibian population declines being at the forefront of the …

Abstract Background Sea cucumbers (Apostichopus japonicus) are an imperiled fauna
exposed to a variety of environmental condition such as salinity and studies are urgently …