The process of urbanization continuously transforms cities and therefore, their urban
morphology as a need to adapt to the environmental changes. In Europe, the focus is shifted …

Urban heat island (UHI) is among the most pronounced human impacts on Earth. To
formulate locally adapted mitigation strategies, a comprehensive understanding of the …

Building height serves as a crucial parameter in characterizing urban vertical structure,
which has a profound impact on urban sustainable development. The emergence of street …

Urban green spaces (UGS) have emerged as a main nature-based solution proven to
effectively cool urban areas, and cooling efficiency (CE) serves as a prominent indicator for …

Urban parks alter regional microclimates and considerably mitigate the urban thermal
environment. However, studies on the coupled cooling effects of parks and surrounding …

Block thermal environments affect public health and the sustainable development of cities.
However, the study of spatial heterogeneity of block morphology in thermal environments …

The diverse urban features considerably influence land surface temperature (LST).
Numerous studies have extensively investigated the impacts of 2D/3D urban features on …

It is important to clarify the role of urbanization on outdoor thermal comfort (OTC) in regions
threatened by both heat and cold. Quantitative studies on the impact of urbanization factors …

In recent years, the urban heat island (UHI) effect and frequent heatwaves have become
escalating threats to metropolises. Vegetation's cooling services and their equitable access …

Urbanization has affected land surface temperature (LST) significantly. The spatial average
of LST is widely applied to evaluate urban heat islands (UHI), but a simple comparison of …