The intestine is the largest interface between the internal body and the external
environment. The intestinal barrier is a dynamic system influenced by the composition of the …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by inflammation and destruction of bone and
cartilage in affected joints. Autoimmune responses lead to increased osteoclastic bone …

Tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) include tumor cells, immune cells, cytokines, etc.
The interactions between these components, which are divided into anti-tumor and pro …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease, with
characteristic extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition and intracellular accumulation of …

Balanced immunity is pivotal for health and homeostasis. CD4+ helper T (Th) cells are
central to the balance between immune tolerance and immune rejection. Th cells adopt …

Commencing with the breakdown of immune tolerance, multiple pathogenic factors,
including synovial inflammation and harmful cytokines, are conjointly involved in the …

Immune evasion and metabolic reprogramming are two fundamental hallmarks of cancer.
Interestingly, lactate closely links them together. However, lactate has long been recognized …

Regulatory T (Treg) cells, although vital for immune homeostasis, also represent a major
barrier to anti-cancer immunity, as the tumour microenvironment (TME) promotes the …

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has revolutionized the treatment of
hematologic malignancies. Approximately half of patients with refractory large B cell …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an umbrella term for the chronic immune-mediated
idiopathic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, manifesting as Crohn's disease (CD) or …