Background Seasonal influenza virus is a common cause of acute lower respiratory infection
(ALRI) in young children. In 2008, we estimated that 20 million influenza-virus-associated …

The genomes of influenza viruses consist of multiple segments of single-stranded negative-
sense RNA. Each of these segments is bound by the heterotrimeric viral RNA-dependent …

Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulate globally, spilling over into domestic poultry and
causing zoonotic infections in humans. Fortunately, AIVs are not yet capable of causing …

The recent research findings on influenza A virus (IAV) genome biology prompted us to
present a comprehensive overview of IAV genes, protein functions, and replication cycle …

In 2011, a new virus was isolated from pigs with influenza-like symptoms and subsequently
also from cattle, which are the main reservoir of the virus. It is similar to Influenza C virus …

Influenza viruses, since time immemorial, have been the major respiratory pathogen known
to infect a wide variety of animals, birds and reptiles with established lineages. They belong …

Influenza virus infections pose a significant threat to public health due to annual seasonal
epidemics and occasional pandemics. Influenza is also associated with significant economic …

Eukaryotes and bacteria can be infected with a wide variety of RNA viruses. On average,
these pathogens share little sequence similarity and use different replication and …

Innate immune sensors activate programmed cell death pathways as an antiviral and
antibacterial mechanism to exert host defense (Man and Kanneganti, 2016; Jorgensen et al …

Influenza A virus is one of the major human pathogens. Despite numerous efforts to produce
absolutely effective anti-influenza drugs or vaccines, no such agent has been developed yet …