BACKGROUND Evolution is a strongly historical process, and evolutionary biology is a field
that combines history and science. How the historical nature of evolution affects the …

In experimental evolution, laboratory-controlled conditions select for the adaptation of
species, which can be monitored in real time. Despite the current popularity of such …

Heterotrophic bacteria—bacteria that utilize organic carbon sources—are taxonomically and
functionally diverse across environments. It is challenging to map metabolic interactions and …

Natural selection shapes bacterial evolution in all environments. However, the extent to
which commensal bacteria diversify and adapt within the human gut remains unclear. Here …

The outcomes of evolution are determined by a stochastic dynamical process that governs
how mutations arise and spread through a population. However, it is difficult to observe …

Adaptation by natural selection depends on the rates, effects and interactions of many
mutations, making it difficult to determine what proportion of mutations in an evolving lineage …

The integration of fossils, phylogeny, and geochronology has resulted in an increasingly
well-resolved timetable of evolution. Life appears to have taken root before the earliest …

The majority of known bacterial species cannot be cultivated under laboratory conditions.
Here we argue that the adaptive emergence of obligate metabolic interactions in natural …

The annotation of genomes from NGS platforms needs to be automated and fully integrated.
However, maintaining consistency and accuracy in genome annotation is a challenging …

The extent to which evolution is repeatable remains debated. Here, we study changes over
time in the frequency of cryptic color-pattern morphs in 10 replicate long-term field studies of …