Research of a past decade and a half leaves no doubt that complete understanding of
protein functionality requires close consideration of the fact that many functional proteins do …

The abundant existence of proteins and regions that possess specific functions without
being uniquely folded into unique 3D structures has become accepted by a significant …

Organic molecules as well as metal complexes may exist as several geometric isomers1
which display distinct physical properties and chemical reactivities. A molecule containing …

Phototropins are light-activated kinases important for plant responses to blue light. Light
initiates signaling in these proteins by generating a covalent protein–flavin mononucleotide …

For single-cell and multicellular systems to survive, they must accurately sense and respond
to their cellular and extracellular environment. Light is a nearly ubiquitous environmental …

The Neurospora crassa photoreceptor Vivid tunes blue-light responses and modulates
gating of the circadian clock. Crystal structures of dark-state and light-state Vivid reveal a …

Six well-characterized photoreceptor families function in Nature to mediate light-induced
signal transduction: the rhodopsins, phytochromes, xanthopsins, cryptochromes …

Signaling pathways allow cells to detect and respond to a wide variety of chemical (eg Ca2+
or chemokine proteins) and physical stimuli (eg, sheer stress, light). Together, these …

Intense sunlight is dangerous for photosynthetic organisms. Cyanobacteria, like plants,
protect themselves from light-induced stress by dissipating excess absorbed energy as heat …

The modern electron microscope, as a result of recent revolutionary developments and
many evolutionary ones, now yields a wealth of quantitative knowledge pertaining to …