Diabetes is a major public health disease that is globally approaching epidemic proportions.
One of the major causes of type 2 diabetes is either a defect in insulin secretion or insulin …

Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, affecting~ 80 million people
by 2020 (,). The condition is characterized by a progressive loss of retinal ganglion cells …

The death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is a key factor in the pathophysiology of all types
of glaucoma, but the mechanism of pathogenesis of glaucoma remains unclear. RGCs are a …

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by disturbances in
carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism, often accompanied by oxidative stress …

Introduction Age-related diseases such as glaucoma, a leading cause of blindness, are
having an upward trend due to an aging society. In glaucoma, some patients display altered …

As human life expectancy increases, age-related health issues including neurodegenerative
diseases continue to rise. Regardless of genetic or environmental factors, many …

HMGB (high mobility group B) is one of the ubiquitous non-histone nuclear protein
superfamilies that make up the HMG (high mobility group) protein group. HMGB1 is involved …

Background Crocetin is a bioactive ingredient in saffron, derived from the Crocus sativus
stigmas of the Iridaceae family. As a chemically carotenoid derivative, crocetin exhibites …

The redox signaling network in mammals has garnered enormous interest and taken on
major biological significance in recent years as the scope of NADPH oxidases (NOXs) as …

Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease that affects eye structures and brain areas
related to the visual system. Oxidative stress plays a key role in the development and …