In this chapter, we present and discuss in detail current and novel advances in our
understanding of the processes that drove primordial differentiation of the Moon. This …

The current state of understanding of the lunar interior is the sum of nearly four decades of
work and a range of exploration programs spanning that same time period. Missions of the …

The Chang'E-5 (CE5) mission has demonstrated that lunar volcanism was still active until
two billion years ago, much younger than the previous isotopically dated lunar basalts. How …

The timeline of the lunar bombardment in the first Gy of Solar System history remains
unclear. Basin-forming impacts (eg Imbrium, Orientale), occurred 3.9–3.7 Gy ago, ie 600 …

Seismological models from Apollo missions provided the first records of the Moon inner
structure with a decrease in seismic wave velocities at the core–mantle boundary,–. The …

Basaltic magmatism is a common feature of dynamically active terrestrial planets. The
compositions of basalts reflect the temperatures and pressures of magma generation …

Research on returned samples can provide ground truth for the study of the geological
evolution history of the Moon. However, previous missions all collected samples from the …

The lunar crust and mantle formed through the crystallization of a magma ocean,
culminating in a solid cumulate mantle with a layer of dense ilmenite-bearing cumulates rich …

As with all science, our continually develo** concepts of lunar evolution are firmly tied to
both new types of observations and the integration of these observations to the known pool …

The spatial distribution of mare basalts, titanium and KREEP (potassium, rare earth
elements and phosphorus) on the Moon is asymmetrical between the nearside and farside …