This article is based on a consensus conference, promoted and supported by the
International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology (IFCN), which took place in Siena (Italy) …

Low intensity transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) in humans, encompassing transcranial
direct current (tDCS), transcutaneous spinal Direct Current Stimulation (tsDCS), transcranial …

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is increasingly applied for the treatment of brain disorders, but
its mechanism of action remains unknown. Here we evaluate the effect of basal ganglia DBS …

Much recent discussion about the origin of Parkinsonian symptoms has centered around the
idea that they arise with the increase of beta frequency waves in the EEG. This activity may …

A monosynaptic projection from the cortex to the subthalamic nucleus is thought to have an
important role in basal ganglia function and in the mechanism of therapeutic subthalamic …

Movement abnormalities of Parkinson's disease (PD) arise from disordered neural activity in
multiple interconnected brain structures. The planning and execution of movement requires …

The goal of this review is to show how transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) techniques
can make a contribution to the study of brain networks. Brain networks are fundamental in …

Objective. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established and valid therapy for a variety of
pathological conditions ranging from motor to cognitive disorders. Still, much of the DBS …

Gait and balance disturbances typically emerge in advanced Parkinson's disease with
generally limited response to dopaminergic medication and subthalamic nucleus deep brain …

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been used as a treatment of movement disorders such as
Parkinson's disease, dystonia, and essential tremor for over twenty years, and is a promising …