BACKGROUND Plants constantly experience fluctuating internal and external mechanical
cues, ranging from nanoscale deformation of wall components, cell growth variability …

Development is remarkably reproducible, producing organs with the same size, shape, and
function repeatedly from individual to individual. For example, every flower on the …

Polyploidy is a key mechanism of genome evolution and speciation, particularly in plants.
Many aspects of polyploidy have been elucidated with the tools that have become available …

Positional information is a central concept in developmental biology. In develo** organs,
positional information can be idealized as a local coordinate system that arises from …

Cell-to-cell heterogeneity prevails in many systems, as exemplified by cell growth, although
the origin and function of such heterogeneity are often unclear. In plants, growth is physically …

Coordination of growth, patterning and differentiation is required for sha** organs in
multicellular organisms. In plants, cell growth is controlled by positional information, yet the …

Highlights•In multicellular organisms, growth relies on cell division and cell expansion.•In
the Arabidopsis root, primary growth processes can be easily traced and studied.•Organ …

Plant organs arise through complex interactions between biological and physical factors that
control morphogenesis. While there has been tremendous progress in the understanding of …

Developmental biology relies heavily on our ability to generate three-dimensional images of
live biological specimens through time, and to map gene expression and hormone response …

In conifers, xylogenesis during a growing season produces a very characteristic tree-ring
structure: large, thin-walled earlywood cells followed by narrow, thick-walled latewood cells …