In the late 1970s, on the basis of rRNA phylogeny, Archaea (archaebacteria) was identified
as a distinct domain of life besides Bacteria (eubacteria) and Eucarya. Though forming a …

The various ion pumps in cells and organelles that generate transmembrane
electrochemical potential for protons are driven in various ways: changes in substrate …

In the light-driven proton pump bacteriorhodopsin, proton transfer from the retinal Schiff base
to aspartate-85 is the crucial reaction of the transport cycle. In halorhodopsin, a light-driven …

Values in the literature for the quantum efficiency of the photochemical cycle of
bacteriorhodopsin (bR) range from 0.25 to 0.79 and the sum of the quantum yields of the …

Thermodynamics and energy coupling in the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle Page 1 5016
Biochemistry 1991, 30, 5016-5022 Thermodynamics and Energy Coupling in the …

Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720 Received
February 13, 1990; Revised Manuscript Received April 18, 1990 abstract: The kinetics of …

Revised Manuscript Received August 23, 1991 abstract: During the M** N-*· BR reaction
sequence in the bacteriorhodopsin photocycle, proton is exchanged between D96 and the …

Absorption changes in the photocycle of the recently described retinal protein,
proteorhodopsin, are analyzed. The transient spectra at pH 9.5, where it acts as a light …

The photoisomerization of all‐trans‐retinal of bacteriorhodopsin to 13‐cis gives rise to a
series of unstable states that thermally interconvert on the picosecond to millisecond …

The gene coding for bacteriorhodopsin was modified in vitro to replace Asp212 with
asparagine and expressed in Halobacterium halobium. X-ray diffraction measurements …