Pupils respond to three distinct kinds of stimuli: they constrict in response to brightness (the
pupil light response), constrict in response to near fixation (the pupil near response), and …

Light is a potent stimulus for regulating circadian, hormonal, and behavioral systems. In
addition, light therapy is effective for certain affective disorders, sleep problems, and …

In the vertebrate visual system, all output of the retina is carried by retinal ganglion cells.
Each type encodes distinct visual features in parallel for transmission to the brain. How …

The mammalian retina consists of neurons of> 60 distinct types, each playing a specific role
in processing visual images. They are arranged in three main stages. The first decomposes …

Neuronal types in the central nervous system differ dramatically in their resilience to injury or
other insults. Here we studied the selective resilience of mouse retinal ganglion cells …

Light has profoundly influenced the evolution of life on earth. As widely appreciated, light
enables us to generate images of our environment. However, light—through intrinsically …

Light exerts a range of powerful biological effects beyond image vision, including mood and
learning regulation. While the source of photic information affecting mood and cognitive …

The mammalian circadian system, which is comprised of multiple cellular clocks located in
the organs and tissues, orchestrates their regulation in a hierarchical manner throughout the …

Lighting based on light-emitting diodes (LEDs) not only is more energy efficient than
traditional lighting, but also enables improved performance and control. The colour, intensity …

In mammals, few retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) survive following axotomy, and even fewer
regenerate axons. This could reflect differential extrinsic influences or the existence of …