Abstract The climate of South America (SA) has long held an intimate connection with El
Niño, historically describing anomalously warm sea-surface temperatures off the coastline of …

Owing to the extraordinary latitudinal extent, a strong orographic variability with very high
mountain tops, and the presence of deep valleys and steep slopes, the Andes and the …

ENSO events display large interevent differences in amplitude, spatial pattern, and temporal
evolution. The differences in spatial pattern, which have important consequences for ENSO …

In the boreal spring of 2023, an extreme coastal El Niño struck the coastal regions of Peru
and Ecuador, causing devastating rainfalls, flooding, and record dengue outbreaks …

This paper provides an updated review of the most relevant scientific literature related to the
hydroclimate of the Andes. The Andes, the longest cordillera in the world, faces major …

In 2017, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth's atmosphere—carbon
dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide—reached new record highs. The annual global …

The far eastern tropical Pacific experienced a rapid, marked warming in early 2017, causing
torrential rains along the west coast of South America with a significant societal toll in Peru …

This preliminary study examines the definition problem and challenges of climate
forecasting and disaster responses associated with the El Niño costero (coastal) of 2017 …

Remarkably heavy and devastating rainfalls affected large parts of Peru during the austral
summer 2016–2017. These rainfalls favoured widespread land sliding and extensive …

abstract The role of sampling variability in ENSO composites of winter surface air
temperature and precipitation over North America during the period 1920–2013 is assessed …