Conservation physiology proposes that measures of physiological stress (glucocorticoid
levels) can be used to assess the status and future fate of natural populations. Increases in …

Summary 1 A growing number of ecologists are turning to the enumeration of white blood
cells from blood smears (leukocyte profiles) to assess stress in animals. There has been …

Baleen whales (Mysticeti) communicate using low-frequency acoustic signals. These long-
wavelength sounds can be detected over hundreds of kilometres, potentially allowing …

Predator‐induced stress has been used to exemplify the concept of stress for close to a
century because almost everyone can imagine the terror of fleeing for one's life from a lion or …

Chronic activation of the stress axis caused by long‐term uncontrollable and unpredictable
factors in the environment has been regarded as causing maladaptive and/or pathological …

Allostasis, the concept of maintaining stability through change, has been proposed as a term
and a model to replace the ambiguous term of stress, the concept of adequately or …

1. Why Do We Measure Stress? 2. Quantifying Stress 3. Specific Measures of Fish Stress
3.1. Cellular and Molecular Indicators 3.2. Primary and Secondary Physiological Indicators …

Increasingly, levels of the 'stress hormones' cortisol and corticosterone are being used by
ecologists as indicators of physiological stress in wild vertebrates. The amplitude of …

Evaluating corticosterone (CORT) responses to stress in free-living vertebrates requires
knowing the unstressed titers prior to capture. Based upon laboratory data, the assumption …

The vertebrate stress response helps animals respond to environmental dangers such as
predators or storms. An important component of the stress response is glucocorticoid (GC) …