Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) and plays a
fundamental role in mediating the onset and progression of disease. Microglia, which …

Macrophages are important players in the fight against viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic
infections. From a resting state they may undertake two activation pathways, the classical …

The injured spinal cord does not heal properly. In contrast, tissue repair and functional
recovery occur after skin or muscle injuries. The reason for this dichotomy in wound repair is …

An imbalance between remyelinating and demyelinating rates underlies degenerative
processes in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis. An optimal therapeutic …

When ischemic stroke occurs, oxygen and energy depletion triggers a cascade of events,
including inflammatory responses, glutamate excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and apoptosis …

Microglia were first identified over a century ago, but our knowledge about their ontogeny
and functions has significantly expanded only recently. Microglia colonize the central …

Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. Although the
pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease is not entirely clear, the aberrant aggregation of α …

Glial cell types were classified less than 100 years ago by del Rio-Hortega. For instance, he
correctly surmised that microglia in pathologic central nervous system (CNS) were …

Fighting pathogens and maintaining tissue homeostasis are prerequisites for survival. Both
of these functions are upheld by the immune system, though the latter is often overlooked in …

For decades lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC, lysolecithin) has been used to induce
demyelination, without a clear understanding of its mechanisms. LPC is an endogenous …