Invading pathogens are controlled by the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system.
Adaptive immunity, which is mediated by B and T lymphocytes, recognises pathogens by …

The host immune responses, including T lymphocytes mediated immune response and
humoral immune responses are the important parts of the challenges in gene therapy. There …

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) are key components of the inflammatory response
contributing to the development of pathogen-specific immune responses. Following infection …

Hemozoin (malaria pigment) has been implicated in the modulation of immune responses
during malaria infection. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of purified hemozoin …

Bacterial DNA contains a much higher frequency of CpG dinucleotides than are present in
mammalian DNA. Furthermore, bacterial CpG dinucleotides are often not methylated. It is …

The in ovo delivery of cytosine-guanosine (CpG) oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) protects
chickens against many bacterial and viral infections, by activating the toll-like receptor (TLR) …

We have characterized the nitric oxide (NO) induction by CpG oligodeoxydinucleotide (CpG-
ODN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in an avian macrophage cell line (HD11) and evaluated …

Residual DNA (rDNA) is comprised of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) fragments and longer
length molecules originating from the host organism that may be present in samples from …

Transplantation of pancreatic islets has great potential for treating Type I diabetes. Ex vivo
gene therapy may promote re-vascularization or inhibit apoptosis of the islets and promote …

DNA vaccines, in general, have been found to be poorly immunogenic in nonhuman
primates and humans as compared with mie. As the immunogenicity of DNA plasmids relies …